Asian

Lower Division Courses     Upper Division Courses     Graduate Courses
Lower Division Courses
19. Fiat Lux Freshman Seminars (1)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 19.) Seminar, one hour. Discussion of and critical thinking about topics of current intellectual importance, taught by faculty members in their areas of expertise and illuminating many paths of discovery at UCLA. P/NP grading.
M20. Visible Language: Study of Writing (5)
(Same as Indo-European Studies M20, Near Eastern Languages M20, Slavic M20, and Southeast Asian M20.) Lecture, three hours. Consideration of concrete means of language representation in writing systems. Earliest representations of language known are those of Near East dating to end of 4th Millennium B.C. While literate civilizations of Egypt, Indus Valley, China, and Mesoamerica left little evidence of corresponding earliest developments, their antiquity and, in case of China and Mesoamerica, their evident isolation mark these centers as loci of independent developments in writing. Basic characteristics of early scripts, assessment of modern alphabetic writing systems, and presentation of conceptual basis of semiotic language representation. Origins and development of early non-Western writing systems. How Greco-Roman alphabet arose in 1st Millennium B.C. and how it compares to other modern writing systems. P/NP or letter grading.
60. Introduction to Buddhism (5)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 60.) Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Not open for credit to students with credit for course 60W. Knowledge of Asian languages not required. General survey of development of Buddhism in India, with focus on those religious doctrines and meditative practices most essential to various Asian traditions of Buddhism. Letter grading.
60W. Introduction to Buddhism (5)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 60W.) Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Enforced requisite: English Composition 3 or 3H or English as a Second Language 36. Not open for credit to students with credit for course 60. Knowledge of Asian languages not required. General survey of Buddhist worldview and lifestyle, with focus on those religious doctrines and meditative practices most essential to various Asian traditions of Buddhism. Particular attention to problems involved in study of religion. Satisfies Writing II requirement. Letter grading.
61. Introduction to Zen Buddhism (5)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 61.) Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Knowledge of Asian languages not required. Introduction to Zen traditions and to interplay between Zen and other fundamental cultural and religious concerns in East Asia. Topics include role of Zen within Buddhist thought and practice, artistic and literary arts, society, and daily life. Letter grading.
70A. Popular Culture in East Asia: 17th through 19th Centuries (5)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 70A.) Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Popular culture in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Topics include popular religion, language, literature, arts, material culture, cinema, and music. Themes include identities, gender, sexuality, and class relations. Letter grading.
70B. Popular Culture in East Asia: 1895 to 1945 (5)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 70B.) Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Popular culture in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Topics include popular religion, language, literature, arts, material culture, cinema, and music. Themes include identities, gender, sexuality, and class relations. Letter grading.
70C. Popular Culture in East Asia from 1945 (5)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 70C.) Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Popular culture in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Topics include popular religion, language, literature, arts, material culture, cinema, and music. Themes include identities, gender, sexuality, and class relations. Letter grading.
89. Honors Seminars (1)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 89.) Seminar, three hours. Limited to 20 students. Designed as adjunct to lower division lecture course. Exploration of topics in greater depth through supplemental readings, papers, or other activities and led by lecture course instructor. May be applied toward honors credit for eligible students. Honors content noted on transcript. P/NP or letter grading.
89HC. Honors Contracts (1)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 89HC.) Tutorial, three hours. Limited to students in College Honors Program. Designed as adjunct to lower division lecture course. Individual study with lecture course instructor to explore topics in greater depth through supplemental readings, papers, or other activities. May be repeated for maximum of 4 units. Individual honors contract required. Honors content noted on transcript. Letter grading.
99. Student Research Program (1 to 2)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 99.) Tutorial (supervised research or other scholarly work), three hours per week per unit. Entry-level research for lower division students under guidance of faculty mentor. Students must be in good academic standing and enrolled in minimum of 12 units (excluding this course). Individual contract required; consult Undergraduate Research Center. May be repeated. P/NP grading.

Upper Division Courses
120. Languages and Cultures of East Asia (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 120.) Lecture, three hours; discussion, one hour. Recommended preparation: Chinese 3 or 50 or Japanese 3 or 50 or Korean 3 or 50. Comparative perspective on three major East Asian languages -- Chinese, Japanese, and Korean -- to show what they share and how they differ in terms of linguistic features, historical development, and larger cultural settings in which these three languages are used. P/NP or letter grading.
120FL. Readings in East Asian Languages (2)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 120FL.) Seminar, two hours. Requisite: Chinese 6 or 6A or 6C or Japanese 6 or Korean 6 or 6A. Enforced corequisite: course 120. Additional work in major East Asian languages to enrich and augment work assigned in course 120, including reading, writing, and other exercises in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. P/NP or letter grading.
C138. Travel Writing in East Asia (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures C138.) Lecture, three hours. Recommended preparation: Chinese 50 or Japanese 50 or 60. Exploration of travel writing about countries of East Asia, primarily China and Japan, with focus on English translations of works by native writers and by foreign visitors through centuries. Concurrently scheduled with course C238. Letter grading.
151. Buddhist Literature in Translation (4)
(Formerly numbered 161.) Lecture, three hours. Recommended preparation: prior course on Buddhism or traditional Asian religions. Knowledge of Asian languages not required. Readings from variety of Buddhist literature of Indic and non-Indic origin, with emphasis on key Buddhist themes and critical issues in cross-cultural interpretations of Asian religious texts. Letter grading.
152. Tibetan Buddhism (4)
Lecture, three hours. Knowledge of Asian languages not required. Survey of thought and practices of Buddhism in Tibet from its beginnings to present. Letter grading.
161. Topics in Asian Religions (4)
Lecture, three hours. Knowledge of Asian languages not required. In-depth examination of selected topics in one or more religious traditions of Asia. Topics vary, but may include death, gender, and state and religion. May be repeated for credit with topic change. Letter grading.
162. Buddhist Meditation Traditions (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 162.) Lecture, three hours. Knowledge of Asian languages not required. Survey of theory and practice of meditation in Buddhism, with emphasis on Theravada and Zen schools. Topics include various typologies of meditation, symbiotic relationship between meditation and soteriology, and processes by which doctrinal innovation prompts changes in meditative praxis. Letter grading.
163. Buddhism across Boundaries (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 163.) Lecture, two hours; discussion, one hour. Recommended preparation: prior course on Buddhism or traditional Asian religions. Knowledge of Asian languages not required. Investigation of various themes in development of Buddhist traditions across historical periods as well as national and cultural boundaries, including issues of praxis, politics, and translation. Letter grading.
164. Buddhism and Early Religious History of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Central Asia: Introduction (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 164.) Lecture, three hours. Knowledge of Asian languages not required. Survey of regions and religions of Central Asia, especially Buddhism in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Topics include archaeological, art historical material, and linguistic approaches to history of religions. Letter grading.
C170. Approaches to Study of Religion (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures C170.) Seminar, three hours. Investigation of many ways in which religion and religions may be studied, including anthropological, sociological, psychological, phenomenological, political, reductionist, and other approaches. Readings of primary and secondary sources of modern scholarship. Concurrently scheduled with course C270. Letter grading.
189. Advanced Honors Seminars (1)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 189.) Seminar, three hours. Limited to 20 students. Designed as adjunct to undergraduate lecture course. Exploration of topics in greater depth through supplemental readings, papers, or other activities and led by lecture course instructor. May be applied toward honors credit for eligible students. Honors content noted on transcript. P/NP or letter grading.
189HC. Honors Contracts (1)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 189HC.) Tutorial, three hours. Limited to students in College Honors Program. Designed as adjunct to upper division lecture course. Individual study with lecture course instructor to explore topics in greater depth through supplemental readings, papers, or other activities. May be repeated for maximum of 4 units. Individual honors contract required. Honors content noted on transcript. Letter grading.
190. Research Colloquia in Asian Languages and Cultures (1)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 190.) Seminar, one hour. Corequisite: course 198 or 199. Designed to bring together advanced undergraduate students undertaking individual supervised tutorial research in seminar setting with one or more faculty members to discuss their own work or related work in discipline. Led by one supervising faculty member. May be repeated for credit. P/NP grading.
191A. Variable Topics Research Seminars: Life Writing in East Asia (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 191A.) Seminar, three hours. Research seminar on selected topics. Readings of biography and autobiography as elements of East Asian cultural traditions, with focus rotating between China, Japan, and Korea. Readings in English and relevant East Asian languages, discussion, and development of culminating project. May be repeated for credit. Letter grading.
191B. Variable Topics Research Seminars: Buddhist Studies (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 191B.) Seminar, three hours. Limited to juniors/seniors. Research seminar on selected topics in Buddhist studies. Reading, discussion, and development of culminating project. May be repeated for credit. Letter grading.
191H. Honors Research Seminars: Asian Languages and Cultures (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 191H.) Seminar, three hours. Limited to departmental and College honors students. Introduction to research methods and critical approaches to study of Asia in preparation for writing of senior honors thesis. May be repeated for credit. Letter grading.
193. Speaker Series Seminars: Asian Languages and Cultures (2)
Seminar, two hours. Limited to undergraduate students. Introduction to latest scholarship in field of Asian studies. Attendance at selected scholarly presentations required, as well as sessions with faculty adviser to discuss presentations and published works of speakers. May be repeated for credit. P/NP grading.
195. Community Internships in Asian Languages and Cultures (4)
Tutorial, one hour; fieldwork, eight hours. Limited to juniors/seniors. Internship in supervised setting in community cultural or organizational setting. Students meet on regular basis with instructor and provide periodic journal reports of their experience. Final paper that combines academic research and knowledge gained from community experience required. Individual contract with supervising faculty member required. P/NP or letter grading.
198. Honors Research in Asian Languages and Cultures (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 198.) Tutorial, to be arranged. Preparation: one undergraduate departmental seminar. Limited to juniors/seniors. Development and completion of honors thesis under direct supervision of faculty member. May be repeated for maximum of 16 units. Individual contract required. Letter grading.
199. Directed Research in Asian Languages and Cultures (2 to 8)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 199.) Tutorial, to be arranged. Recommended preparation: advanced reading knowledge of one Asian language. Limited to juniors/seniors. Supervised individual research or investigation under guidance of faculty mentor. Culminating paper or project required. May be repeated once with consent of instructor. Individual contract required. Letter grading.

Graduate Courses
200. Research Methods in East Asian Linguistics (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 200.) Seminar, three hours. Research methodologies for East Asian languages, with emphasis on compiling bibliographic data and using professional resources for research. Examination of issues in analyzing language examples, theoretical implications of linguistic data, and applications of functional linguistics in order to explain language phenomena. S/U or letter grading.
201. Proseminar: Approaches to Buddhist Studies (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 201.) Seminar, three hours. Designed for graduate students in Buddhist studies. Introduction to history of field, bibliography, relations with other disciplines, and current issues and research trends. S/U or letter grading.
202. Proseminar: Functional Approaches to Japanese/Korean Linguistics (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 202.) Seminar, four hours. Preparation: three years of Japanese or Korean, one year of any East Asian language, one functional linguistics course. Survey of recent empirical and theoretical research in syntax, semantico-pragmatics, theory of language change, and comparative sociolinguistics in Japanese/Korean. May be repeated for credit with consent of instructors. S/U or letter grading.
203. Variable Topics in East Asian Linguistics (4)
Seminar, three hours. Advanced course that explores topics in East Asian linguistics through critical reading of current research on Asian languages and in-depth analysis of linguistic data. Topics include linguistic structure, communicative function, pragmatics, language, society, and culture, and language change. May be repeated for credit. S/U or letter grading.
210. Proseminar: Cultural and Comparative Studies (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 210.) Seminar, three hours. Designed for graduate students. Introduction to theoretical topics relevant to comparative study of East Asian cultures in modern period. Readings include Western theoretical works balanced with texts taking congruent approaches to East Asian topics. S/U or letter grading.
215. Seminar: Cultural Studies Theory (2)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 215.) Seminar, two hours. Requisite: course 210. Reading and discussion of recent theoretical works in cultural studies. S/U grading.
220A. Seminar: Topics in Cultural Studies (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 220A.) Seminar, three hours. Complements course 210. Further investigation of methodology and materials of cultural studies in connection with specific topics selected by instructors. May be repeated for credit. In Progress grading (credit to be given only on completion of course 220B).
220B. Seminar: Topics in Cultural Studies (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 220B.) Seminar, three hours. Complements course 210. Further investigation of methodology and materials of cultural studies in connection with specific topics selected by instructors. May be repeated for credit. Letter grading.
222A. Seminar: Corpus Linguistics (4)
(Formerly numbered Asian 222.) Seminar, three hours. Construction and exploitation of computerized language corpora for studying issues in areas such as lexicology, discourse grammar, language change and variation, language learning, and teaching. Discussion of special issues in working with East Asian language corpora. In Progress grading (credit to be given only on completion of course 222B).
222B. Seminar: Corpus Linguistics (4)
Seminar, three hours. Construction and exploitation of computerized language corpora for studying issues in areas such as lexicology, discourse grammar, language change and variation, language learning, and teaching. Discussion of special issues in working with East Asian language corpora. S/U or letter grading.
230A. Seminar: Theoretical Topics in East Asian Literature (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 230A.) Seminar, three hours. Preparation: reading knowledge of at least one East Asian language. Concerns of literary theory that are brought to fore by reading of literature from or about East Asia. Readings from both Western and Eastern theorists; issues of translation, comparison, and categorization. In Progress grading (credit to be given only on completion of course 230B).
230B. Seminar: Theoretical Topics in East Asian Literature (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 230B.) Seminar, three hours. Preparation: reading knowledge of at least one East Asian language. Concerns of literary theory that are brought to fore by reading of literature from or about East Asia. Readings from both Western and Eastern theorists; issues of translation, comparison, and categorization. Letter grading.
C238. Travel Writing in East Asia (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures C238.) Lecture, three hours. Recommended preparation: Chinese 50 or Japanese 50 or 60. Exploration of travel writing about countries of East Asia, primarily China and Japan, with focus on English translations of works by native writers and by foreign visitors through centuries. Concurrently scheduled with course C138. Letter grading.
240A. Seminar: Topics in East Asian Literary History (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 240A.) Seminar, three hours. Preparation: reading knowledge of at least one East Asian language. Critical issues common to literary historiography in East Asia, including periodization, canon, ideology, interaction between high and low culture, written and oral, etc. In Progress grading (credit to be given only on completion of course 240B).
240B. Seminar: Topics in East Asian Literary History (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 240B.) Seminar, three hours. Preparation: reading knowledge of at least one East Asian language. Critical issues common to literary historiography in East Asia, including periodization, canon, ideology, interaction between high and low culture, written and oral, etc. Letter grading.
243. Translation Workshop: East Asian Texts (2)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 243.) Seminar, two hours. Requisite: Chinese 200 or Japanese 200 or Korean 200. Translation, grammatical analysis, and discussion of selections from premodern texts that enjoyed classical status throughout East Asia. S/U grading.
245A. Seminar: Position of Modernity in East Asian Literature (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 245A.) Seminar, three hours. Preparation: at least five years of one East Asian language. Designed for graduate students. Conceptual architecture and archaeology of modernity, with readings largely from European sources. In-class debate probes relevance of these readings for work as Asianists. In Progress grading (credit to be given only on completion of course 245B).
245B. Seminar: Position of Modernity in East Asian Literature (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 245B.) Seminar, three hours. Preparation: at least five years of one East Asian language. Designed for graduate students. Focus on Asian writings. Letter grading.
M251. Seminar: Literary Theory (5)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures M251.) (Same as Comparative Literature M294, English M270, French M270, German M270, Italian M270, Scandinavian M270, and Spanish M294.) Seminar, three hours. Advanced interdisciplinary seminar to explore philosophical, historical, and critical foundations of literary theory as well as current issues in literary and cultural studies. S/U or letter grading.
255. Topics in Southeast Asian Literature and/or Cinema (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 255.) Seminar, three hours. Knowledge of one Southeast Asian language recommended but not required. Theoretical concerns raised by works from Southeast Asia, one Southeast Asian nation, and/or Southeast Asian diasporas. Critical and historical examination of literary and/or film representations connected to practices of empire, nation, diaspora, and globalization. May be repeated for credit. S/U or letter grading.
265A. Seminar: Selected Topics in Buddhist Studies (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 265A.) Seminar, three hours. Coverage varies. May be repeated for credit. In Progress grading (credit to be given only on completion of course 265B).
265B. Seminar: Selected Topics in Buddhist Studies (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 265B.) Seminar, three hours. Coverage varies. May be repeated for credit. Letter grading.
C270. Approaches to Study of Religion (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures C270.) Seminar, three hours. Investigation of many ways in which religion and religions may be studied, including anthropological, sociological, psychological, phenomenological, political, reductionist, and other approaches. Readings of primary and secondary sources of modern scholarship. Concurrently scheduled with course C170. Letter grading.
281A. Field Methods for Study of East Asian Oral Traditions (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 281A.) Seminar, three hours. Description and evaluation of modern approaches to collecting and documenting oral tradition as text, performance, and sociocultural event, providing hands-on experience in fieldwork and archiving methods. Consideration of approaches ranging from written transcription and textualization to audio and video presentations. In Progress grading (credit to be given only on completion of course 281B).
281B. Field Methods for Study of East Asian Oral Traditions (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 281B.) Seminar, three hours. Description and evaluation of modern approaches to collecting and documenting oral tradition as text, performance, and sociocultural event, providing hands-on experience in fieldwork and archiving methods. Consideration of approaches ranging from written transcription and textualization to audio and video presentations. S/U or letter grading.
M292. Japan in Age of Empire (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures M292.) (Same as Anthropology M276 and History M286.) Seminar, three hours. Designed for graduate students. Since late 19th century, Japan expanded its empire into East and Southeast Asia. Coverage of that period and array of anthropological studies conducted in Japan's colonies and occupied areas in this hardly explored area of study of colonialism. S/U or letter grading.
293. Graduate Student Colloquium (4)
Research group meeting, three hours. Designed to provide graduate students in Asian studies with opportunity to present their research to other students and faculty members. S/U grading.
297. Life Writing in East Asia (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 297.) Seminar, three hours. Readings of biography and autobiography as elements of East Asian cultural traditions, with focus rotating between China, Japan, and Korea. Readings in English and relevant East Asian languages. Letter grading.
299. Independent Study (2 to 6)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 299.) Tutorial, to be arranged. Designed for graduate students. Guided research and writing of research paper. May be repeated, but only 4 units may be applied toward M.A. degree. May not be applied toward Ph.D. degree. S/U or letter grading.
301. Teaching East Asian Language as Foreign Language (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 301.) Lecture, four hours. S/U or letter grading.
375. Teaching Apprentice Practicum (1 to 4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 375.) Seminar, to be arranged. Preparation: apprentice personnel employment as teaching assistant, associate, or fellow. Teaching apprenticeship under active guidance and supervision of regular faculty member responsible for curriculum and instruction at UCLA. May be repeated for credit. S/U grading.
495. Teaching Asian Languages at College Level (4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 495.) Seminar, three hours. Preparation: appointment as teaching assistant in East Asian languages and cultures or South and Southeast Asian languages and cultures. Study in team-teaching, teaching methodology, developing course materials, and testing. Participation in peer observations and workshops required. Students receive unit credit toward full-time equivalence but not toward any degree requirements. S/U grading.
496C. Computer Technologies for Teaching College-Level Chinese (2)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 496C.) Lecture, two hours. Intended for current or potential teaching assistants in Chinese. Introduction to tools and technology designed to enrich classroom learning, help effectively manage student records, and expose students to current computer software and web resources. May not be applied toward degree requirements. S/U grading.
496E. Computer Technologies for Teaching College-Level East Asian Languages (2)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 496E.) Lecture, two hours. Intended for current or potential teaching assistants in East Asian languages. Introduction to tools and technology designed to enrich classroom learning, help effectively manage student records, and expose students to current computer software and web resources. May not be applied toward degree requirements. S/U grading.
496J. Computer Technologies for Teaching College-Level Japanese (2)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 496J.) Lecture, two hours. Intended for current or potential teaching assistants in Japanese. Introduction to tools and technology designed to enrich classroom learning, help effectively manage student records, and expose students to current computer software and web resources. May not be applied toward degree requirements. S/U grading.
496K. Computer Technologies for Teaching College-Level Korean (2)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 496K.) Lecture, two hours. Intended for current or potential teaching assistants in Korean. Introduction to tools and technology designed to enrich classroom learning, help effectively manage student records, and expose students to current computer software and web resources. May not be applied toward degree requirements. S/U grading.
501. Cooperative Program (2 to 8)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 501.) Tutorial, to be arranged. Preparation: consent of UCLA graduate adviser and graduate dean, and host campus instructor, department chair, and graduate dean. Used to record enrollment of UCLA students in courses taken under cooperative arrangements with USC. S/U grading.
596. Directed Individual Studies (2 to 4)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 596.) Tutorial, to be arranged. S/U grading.
597. Preparation for M.A. Comprehensive Examination or Ph.D. Qualifying Examinations (4 to 8)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 597.) Tutorial, to be arranged. S/U grading.
598. Research for and Preparation of M.A. Thesis (4 to 8)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 598.) Tutorial, to be arranged. Maximum of 8 units may be applied toward M.A. degree requirements. S/U grading.
599. Research for and Preparation of Ph.D. Dissertation (4 to 8)
(Formerly numbered East Asian Languages and Cultures 599.) Tutorial, to be arranged. S/U grading.